John Carroll Human Geography

1) Plato wanted to understand The Forms so he could better navigate our own reality and the greater truth behind it. 2) Producers, the military, and the rulers. 3) Plato likened women to children, and believed that the womb was a living animal that could move around the female body and cause illness. 4) We're all born with gold, silver, or a mixture of brass and iron in our souls which determine our roles in life.

Rome's expansion and increase in wealth caused an unhappy lower class and a military breakdown. Due to this, the political system began to change. Economic turmoil came after the gap between the rich and the poor grew wider. Rich landowners had people that'd been enslaved in the war work on their large estates, and small farmers became homeless and jobless after having to sell their farms to the rich. Two brothers aimed to help the poor population by serving as tribunes, but met violent deaths after making enemies out of many senators. The formerly loyal military also started to break down, and generals started seizing power for themselves. In 60 B.C.E. Julius Caesar joined forces with wealthy Roman and a popular general and was elected consul a year later. The three ruled Rome as a triumvirate, a group of three rulers. After Caesar and Pompey, one of the other rulers, became enemies, Caesar defeated him and became dictator. With absolute power, he started a number of reform

The Punic Wars were three wars fought between Rome and Carthage between 264 and 146 B.C.E. The first Punic war, won by Rome, consisted of naval battles for control of Sicily. The second Punic war, also won by Rome, consisted of 29-year-old Carthaginian general Hannibal attacking Rome from the north via elephant after crossing Iberia (Spain) and the Alps. Despite laying siege to much of the peninsula for 15 years, Hannibal never took Rome. The final Punic war came next, when Rome wanted to get rid of Carthage. Scipio, Tiberius Gracchus, and others attacked the city, and Carthage burned for 17 days. The walls and buildings were all completely ruined. By the end of the war, 50,000 people in the city were sold into slavery, and the rest of Carthage's territories were annexed and made into the Roman province of Africa. Due to the war, there were almost a million slaves in Italy by the end of the second century B.C.E. and farmers lost their land to aristocrats. Slaves worked on large

Tarquin was the grandson of the fifth king. After his grandfather died and Servius Tullias was made king, Tarquin's sister-in-law, Tullia, murdered his wife and her own husband so that she could marry Tarquin. She then convinced him to seize the throne from her father. Tarquin is convinced, and has him assassinated, along with the senators that disagree with him. Later, Tarquin's son blackmails and assaults a matron, Lucretia, and she tells her family before she commits suicide. People then rose up against him and the whole family was thrown out of Rome. Due to this ordeal, Romans never wanted another king. For centuries, this mindset prevented them from having a monarchy. Rather than kings, two elected officials called consuls dealt justice, made laws, and commanded the army. While they were always patricians, they could only hold office for a year, and had the ability to veto one another, Patricians held majority power, despite plebeians making up 98% of the population. t

The Twelve Tables were written laws, carved into tablets and shown in the Forum. This was a victory for plebeians, as it means patricians could no longer loosely interpret laws to benefit themselves anymore. This also established the idea that all free citizens were protected by the law, rather than just the upper classes. The Twelve Tables weren't comparable to the Constitution, but rather a recording of preexisting, customary laws that were frequently changed or added to throughout the time of the Roman Republic. Laws were proposed and discussed by assemblies, then voted on.

The Pantheon is an ancient Roman structure, previously a temple. The architecture seems to emulate Classical Greek structures. The Pantheon is known for the symmetry of the entrance, the columns, and the domed ceiling, all traits associated with ancient Roman buildings.